Santur and Qanun are two musical instruments that are widely used in Middle Eastern music. While they may look similar, there are several differences between the two instruments. Santur is a hammered dulcimer that has a trapezoidal shape and is typically played with two mallets. Qanun, on the other hand, is a plucked instrument that has a rectangular frame and a variable number of strings. In this article, we will explore the differences between Santur and Qanun, including their history, construction, and playing techniques. So, whether you’re a musician or simply a music enthusiast, read on to discover the unique characteristics of these two fascinating instruments.
Santur and Qanun are two traditional musical instruments commonly used in Middle Eastern music. The Santur is a plucked string instrument that has a keyboard with metal strings, while the Qanun is a traditional stringed instrument with a trapezoidal soundbox and 72 or 78 strings. The Santur has a more percussive sound and is often used to provide rhythm and accompaniment, while the Qanun has a more melodic sound and is often used to play the main melody or to provide harmony. Additionally, the Santur is typically played with a plectrum or finger picks, while the Qanun is played with both hands and fingers.
Santur and Qanun: Overview
What is Santur?
Santur is a traditional Persian instrument that belongs to the dulcimer family. It has a trapezoidal shape with a flat base and a variable number of strings, usually around 72 to 120. The strings are typically made of nylon or metal, and they are plucked with a pick or fingers to produce sound. Santur is used in traditional Persian music, as well as in other Middle Eastern and Central Asian music styles. It is often featured in classical and folk music performances, as well as in contemporary music productions. Santur is considered an essential instrument in Persian music and is widely recognized for its distinctive sound and versatility.
What is Qanun?
Qanun is a traditional instrument used in Middle Eastern and Central Asian music. It is a stringed instrument that is played with a mallet or a plectrum. The qanun has a trapezoidal body and a soundboard that is covered with metal strings. The instrument produces a rich and resonant sound that is often used to accompany singers or other instruments in traditional music ensembles. The qanun is also known as the kanun or the cumin, and it has been used in various forms for thousands of years in different parts of the world. In this article, we will explore the differences between the santur and the qanun, two instruments that are closely related but have distinct characteristics and playing styles.
Physical Appearance
Santur Physical Appearance
The Santur is a traditional Persian instrument that is also known as the Iranian dulcimer. It is typically rectangular in shape and has a wooden soundboard that is covered with metal strings. The strings are typically plucked with the fingers or a small pick, and the instrument is played with both hands. The Santur has a distinctive sound that is often described as haunting and melodic.
One of the most notable features of the Santur is its unique tuning system. Unlike many other stringed instruments, the Santur is not tuned to a specific key or scale. Instead, it is tuned to a series of microtones, which are notes that fall between the traditional Western music pitches. This allows the Santur to produce a wide range of sounds and tones, making it a versatile instrument for a variety of musical styles.
In terms of its physical appearance, the Santur is a relatively simple instrument. It typically has a rectangular soundboard, a wooden frame, and a series of metal strings that are stretched across the soundboard. The strings are typically plucked with the fingers or a small pick, and the instrument is played with both hands. The Santur is a relatively lightweight instrument, making it easy to transport and play in a variety of settings.
Despite its simplicity, the Santur is a highly expressive instrument that is capable of producing a wide range of sounds and tones. Its unique tuning system and haunting melodies have made it a popular choice among musicians and music lovers around the world. Whether you are a seasoned musician or a beginner just starting out, the Santur is an instrument that is well worth exploring.
Qanun Physical Appearance
The qanun is a traditional instrument of the Middle East and Central Asia, and its physical appearance reflects its cultural and historical significance. The qanun is typically made of wood, with a rectangular frame and a long, narrow soundboard. The strings are typically made of nylon or gut, and they are stretched across the soundboard, which is often decorated with intricate designs and patterns.
One of the most distinctive features of the qanun is its layout of strings. Unlike the santur, which has strings arranged in a horizontal pattern, the qanun has strings arranged in a vertical pattern. This means that the strings are placed in rows, with each row tuned to a different pitch. The number of strings and the layout of the rows can vary depending on the type of qanun and the region in which it is played.
Another notable aspect of the qanun’s physical appearance is its keys. The qanun has a set of wooden keys that are used to press down on the strings and produce sound. These keys are typically arranged in two rows, with the lower row having a larger range of notes than the upper row. The keys are attached to a system of levers and pedals, which allows the player to control the sound and timbre of each note.
Overall, the physical appearance of the qanun is characterized by its wooden frame, strings, and keys, as well as its unique layout of strings and ornate decorations. The qanun’s design reflects its rich cultural history and its role as a prominent instrument in traditional Middle Eastern and Central Asian music.
Sound Production
Santur Sound Production
Santur is a traditional Persian instrument that belongs to the dulcimer family. It is characterized by its trapezoid-shaped body and multiple strings, which are typically plucked with two wooden mallets. The sound production of the santur is unique and distinctive, with a rich and resonant timbre that is capable of producing a wide range of tones and harmonics.
One of the key factors that contribute to the sound production of the santur is its construction. The body of the instrument is typically made from walnut or cedar wood, which are both known for their excellent acoustic properties. The strings of the santur are typically made from nylon or steel, and they are arranged in a specific pattern across the instrument’s body.
Another important factor that affects the sound production of the santur is the way in which the strings are plucked. The santur is played with two wooden mallets, which are held in the player’s hands and used to strike the strings in a rhythmic pattern. The speed and force of the mallet strikes, as well as the angle at which they are applied to the strings, all have a significant impact on the sound that is produced.
The sound production of the santur is also influenced by the instrument’s tuning. The strings of the santur are typically tuned to specific pitches, which can be adjusted by the player to produce different harmonies and melodies. The tuning of the santur can have a significant impact on the overall tone and timbre of the instrument’s sound.
Overall, the sound production of the santur is a complex and intricate process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including the instrument’s construction, the way in which the strings are plucked, and the tuning of the strings. These factors all work together to produce the unique and distinctive sound that is characteristic of the santur.
Qanun Sound Production
The Qanun is a traditional Central Asian instrument that produces sound through a unique mechanism. The instrument consists of a trapezoidal box with a soundboard on the top and strings stretched across it. The strings are plucked with a small plectrum made of camel bone or horn.
The sound production process of the Qanun is as follows:
- The performer selects a specific string and plucks it with the plectrum, which is held between the thumb and index finger.
- The vibrations of the plucked string create sound waves that travel through the soundboard and into the air.
- The soundboard is typically made of spruce or cedar wood and is tightened with tuning pegs located underneath it.
- The tension of the strings and the shape of the soundboard can be adjusted to produce different pitches and timbres.
- The performer can also use techniques such as pressing the strings against the soundboard with the fingers or using a special brush to create various sounds and effects.
Overall, the sound production process of the Qanun is a complex interplay between the strings, the soundboard, and the performer’s technique, resulting in a rich and expressive musical instrument.
Musical Range
Santur Musical Range
The musical range of the santur is quite extensive, spanning several octaves. It is capable of producing a wide range of notes, from deep bass tones to high-pitched treble notes. The santur’s range is determined by the number of strings it has, which can vary depending on the specific instrument. Typically, a santur has around 15 to 20 strings, which allows it to produce a full and rich sound.
One of the unique features of the santur’s musical range is its ability to produce microtones, which are notes that fall between the standard pitches of a musical scale. This is achieved by pressing the strings of the santur with the hammers, which can be adjusted to produce notes that are slightly higher or lower than the standard pitch. This allows the santur to create a wide range of timbres and textures, making it a versatile instrument for musical composition.
In addition to its extensive range, the santur’s musical range is also enhanced by its ability to play in different modes. The santur can play in a variety of modes, including major and minor scales, as well as more complex modes such as the Phrygian and Lydian modes. This allows the santur to create a wide range of harmonies and melodies, making it a powerful tool for musical expression.
Overall, the musical range of the santur is one of its most distinctive features. Its ability to produce a wide range of notes, including microtones and notes in different modes, makes it a versatile and expressive instrument that is highly valued in Middle Eastern music.
Qanun Musical Range
The qanun is a traditional plucked instrument commonly used in Middle Eastern and Central Asian music. One of the key characteristics of the qanun is its wide range of notes, which can reach up to 77 strings and cover more than five octaves. This extensive range allows the qanun to produce a diverse array of musical notes and tones, making it a versatile instrument that can be used in a variety of musical styles and genres.
The musical range of the qanun is divided into several sections, each with its own set of notes. The first section, known as the “female” range, covers the lower notes and is typically played with a heavier touch. The second section, known as the “male” range, covers the higher notes and is played with a lighter touch. The third section, known as the “infant” range, is the highest range of all and is used to produce very high-pitched notes.
The qanun’s range is also influenced by the size of the instrument. Larger qanuns typically have a wider range of notes than smaller ones. Additionally, the type of strings used on the qanun can affect its range. Silk strings, for example, produce a softer and more mellow sound than metal strings, which can provide a brighter and more resonant tone.
Overall, the qanun’s wide range of notes and tones makes it a highly expressive instrument that is capable of producing a wide variety of musical styles and genres. Its range is also an important factor in the instrument’s construction and design, as it affects the size, shape, and materials used in its construction.
Popularity
Santur Popularity
The Santur is a traditional Persian instrument that has been widely popular in Iran and other countries for centuries. It is a keyboard instrument that is played by striking metal strings with small hammers, producing a distinctive sound that is both melodic and percussive.
One of the reasons for the Santur’s popularity is its versatility as an instrument. It can be used in a wide range of musical genres, from classical and traditional music to modern pop and rock music. Its unique sound has also made it a popular choice for film and television scores, as well as for background music in cafes and restaurants.
Another factor contributing to the Santur’s popularity is its ease of use. It is relatively simple to learn and can be played by people of all ages and skill levels. Its compact size also makes it a convenient instrument to transport and play in a variety of settings.
In addition to its popularity in Iran, the Santur has also gained recognition and appreciation in other parts of the world. Many musicians and music lovers have embraced the instrument for its distinctive sound and expressive possibilities. Today, the Santur remains a beloved and widely recognized instrument in the world of traditional and contemporary music.
Qanun Popularity
Qanun, a traditional Persian instrument, has been widely popular in various regions of the world for centuries. Its popularity can be attributed to its versatility and ability to produce a wide range of musical styles. The instrument has been embraced by musicians and music lovers alike, making it a staple in traditional and classical music. Additionally, the qanun’s popularity has transcended borders, with its unique sound being incorporated into various genres of music around the world.
Notable Differences
Santur Noted Differences
Sound Production
One of the primary differences between the santur and qanun is the method of sound production. The santur uses metal strings of varying lengths and thicknesses that are struck with small hammers, producing a bright and clear sound. In contrast, the qanun employs a system of resonators and bridges that vibrate when struck by small mallets, resulting in a richer and more complex sound.
Tuning
Another notable difference between the two instruments is their tuning. The santur is typically tuned to a specific scale or mode, such as the Sikah mode in Persian music, and each string is tuned to a specific pitch within that scale. The qanun, on the other hand, is tuned to a specific modal system, such as the 24-note Equal Temperament system used in Western music, and each note is produced by striking a different resonator or bridge.
Playing Techniques
The playing techniques for the santur and qanun also differ. In the santur, the player uses small hammers to strike the strings, producing a distinctive rhythmic pattern. The qanun, on the other hand, requires the player to use a variety of techniques, including striking the strings with the mallets, using the fingernails to produce subtle variations in pitch, and employing various types of glissandi and vibrato.
Musical Styles and Roles
Finally, the santur and qanun have different roles in various musical traditions. The santur is often used as a solo instrument or in ensemble settings, and is featured prominently in many forms of traditional Persian music. The qanun, on the other hand, is often used as a rhythmic accompaniment instrument in various Middle Eastern and North African musical styles, and is also used in the traditional music of Greece and other parts of Europe.
Qanun Noted Differences
While both the santur and qanun are stringed instruments, they have distinct differences in their design, construction, and playing techniques.
Construction
The qanun is typically made of wood, with a flat soundboard and a series of metal strings stretched across it. The strings are arranged in a grid-like pattern, with each row producing a different pitch. The qanun’s soundboard is usually larger than the santur’s, and its frame is often decorated with intricate designs.
The qanun is played by striking the strings with two mallets, while the santur is played by striking the strings with small hammers. The santur’s frame is typically smaller than the qanun’s, and its strings are arranged in a circular pattern around the soundboard. The santur also has a built-in mechanism that allows the player to change the pitch of the strings by pressing pedals.
Sound Quality
The qanun produces a rich, full-bodied sound that is well-suited to traditional Middle Eastern music. Its large soundboard and multiple strings allow for a wide range of tonal variations, making it ideal for complex melodies and harmonies. The santur, on the other hand, has a brighter, more percussive sound that is well-suited to faster, more complex rhythms. Its smaller size and simpler design make it easier to transport and more versatile in different musical settings.
Musical Styles
While both instruments are commonly used in Middle Eastern music, they are often used in different musical styles. The qanun is often featured in classical and traditional music, while the santur is more commonly used in folk and popular music. However, there is significant overlap between the two instruments, and many musicians are proficient in playing both.
In summary, while the santur and qanun share some similarities, they have distinct differences in their construction, playing techniques, sound quality, and musical styles. Understanding these differences can help listeners appreciate the unique qualities of each instrument and their role in Middle Eastern music.
Santur Tuning
The tuning of a santur is one of the most notable differences between it and the qanun. While both instruments have a similar layout of strings and keys, the tuning of the santur is slightly different. The santur is typically tuned to a specific scale, such as the Iranian radif or the Turkish makam system. This means that the santur is designed to play a specific set of notes, and these notes are arranged in a specific order on the instrument.
The tuning of the santur can be adjusted by adding or removing strings, which allows the player to change the pitch of the notes. However, the santur’s tuning is limited by the number of strings and the range of the instrument. In contrast, the qanun has a more flexible tuning system, which allows the player to adjust the pitch of each string individually. This means that the qanun can be tuned to play a wider range of notes and scales, making it more versatile than the santur.
Overall, the tuning of the santur is an important factor to consider when comparing it to the qanun. While both instruments have a similar layout and are used to play similar types of music, the santur’s limited tuning range and specific scale make it a slightly more specialized instrument.
Qanun Tuning
One of the most notable differences between the santur and qanun is the tuning of the instruments. The santur is typically tuned to a diatonic scale, which means that it is tuned to a specific scale of seven notes. The qanun, on the other hand, is tuned to a chromatic scale, which means that it is tuned to a scale of twelve notes. This allows for a greater range of notes to be played on the qanun, as well as for more complex melodies and harmonies to be created. Additionally, the tuning of the qanun can be adjusted to fit the specific key of the music being played, whereas the santur’s tuning remains the same regardless of the key.
Santur Techniques
The Santur and Qanun are two traditional Middle Eastern musical instruments that have their unique characteristics and techniques. The Santur, also known as the Persian Dulcimer, is a stringed instrument played with two hammers or mallets. It has a trapezoidal shape with a row of steel strings stretched across its length, which are struck by the hammers to produce different notes. The Qanun, on the other hand, is a plucked instrument with a flat base and a series of strings stretched across it. It has a characteristic shape with a rounded soundboard and a long, narrow neck.
One of the most notable differences between Santur and Qanun techniques is the way the strings are played. In Santur, the hammers are used to strike the strings, which produces a bright and metallic sound. The hammers are held in the hand and moved across the strings to create a variety of rhythms and melodies. In contrast, the Qanun is played by plucking the strings with the fingers, producing a softer and more mellow sound. The Qanun has a range of 22 strings, which allows for a wide variety of musical expressions.
Another difference between Santur and Qanun techniques is the tuning of the strings. The Santur has a diatonic tuning, meaning that the strings are tuned to a specific scale or mode. This gives the instrument a distinctive sound and makes it well-suited for playing traditional Persian music. The Qanun, on the other hand, has a chromatic tuning, which allows for a wider range of notes and scales. This makes it more versatile and adaptable to different musical styles and genres.
Despite these differences, both Santur and Qanun techniques require a high level of skill and dexterity to play. Players must have a deep understanding of music theory and be able to manipulate the instrument with precision and accuracy. Both instruments are capable of producing beautiful and complex melodies, and their unique techniques and styles have made them beloved by musicians and audiences alike.
Qanun Techniques
Qanun, a traditional Middle Eastern instrument, and santur, its Persian counterpart, may seem similar at first glance. However, upon closer examination, several notable differences emerge, particularly in their techniques.
One of the most striking distinctions between the two instruments lies in their tuning systems. The qanun typically employs a system of horizontal or diagonal strings stretched across a resonator, while the santur utilizes a series of small, parallel metal strings. This disparity in string arrangement not only alters the timbre of each instrument but also affects the technique required to play them.
Another difference in technique arises from the playing surface of the instruments. The qanun features a flat surface with no keys, requiring the player to press the strings directly with their fingers or fingernails. In contrast, the santur features a keyboard similar to that of a piano, which allows for greater precision and a wider range of dynamics.
The manner in which notes are sounded also differs between the two instruments. On the qanun, notes are typically plucked or struck with the fingers or a small hammer, producing a clear, articulate sound. In contrast, the santur’s keys are connected to small metal levers that strike the strings, producing a softer, more muted sound.
Lastly, the size and shape of the instruments also affect the playing technique. The qanun is typically larger and more rectangular in shape, requiring the player to maintain a certain posture and hand position to reach the strings comfortably. The santur, on the other hand, is more compact and has a more ergonomic design, allowing for greater ease of movement and expression.
In summary, while both the qanun and santur are traditional Middle Eastern instruments, they differ significantly in their tuning systems, playing surfaces, note production, and overall technique. Understanding these differences is crucial for musicians seeking to master either instrument and to appreciate the unique qualities each offers.
Santur Compositions
While both the santur and qanun are stringed instruments with a distinctive sound, their compositions and playing styles differ significantly. Santur compositions, in particular, showcase the unique characteristics of the instrument, which set it apart from the qanun.
One key difference in santur compositions is the use of a melodic skeleton, known as the “mode.” This is a series of notes that form the basis of the composition, with additional embellishments and ornaments added by the performer. The santur’s melodic skeleton is often simpler than that of the qanun, which contributes to the instrument’s distinct sound.
Another notable aspect of santur compositions is the prominent role of rhythm. Santur pieces often have a strong, driving rhythm that is created through the use of a metal bar or “santurRI,” which is struck with a small hammer. This rhythmic element is an essential part of santur compositions and is often more pronounced than in qanun music.
Additionally, santur compositions tend to have a more structured form, with clearly defined sections and a consistent tempo. This is in contrast to qanun music, which often has a more free-form structure and allows for greater improvisation.
Overall, the unique characteristics of santur compositions, such as the use of a melodic skeleton, prominent rhythm, and structured form, contribute to the instrument’s distinct sound and set it apart from the qanun.
Qanun Compositions
Qanun compositions are distinct from santur compositions in several ways. The qanun is a plucked instrument, and its music is often characterized by a more delicate and subtle sound compared to the santur. The qanun’s composition is typically based on the maqam system, which is a complex system of melodic modes and scales used in traditional Middle Eastern music.
One of the most significant differences between the two instruments is the way they are played. The santur is played with a hammered motion, which produces a percussive sound, while the qanun is played with a plucking motion, which produces a more fluid and legato sound. The qanun’s plucking technique allows for greater expression and nuance in the music, as the player can control the volume and intensity of each note.
Another difference between the two instruments is the range of notes they can play. The santur typically has a limited range of three or four octaves, while the qanun can have a range of up to five octaves. This extra range allows the qanun to play more complex melodies and harmonies.
Qanun compositions also tend to be longer and more complex than santur compositions. Qanun pieces often have multiple sections and may incorporate various rhythmic patterns and techniques. The instrument’s longer range and more nuanced playing technique allow for greater technical complexity and expression in the music.
In summary, the qanun’s unique playing technique, extended range, and reliance on the maqam system make its compositions distinct from those of the santur. While both instruments have a rich history and repertoire in traditional Middle Eastern music, the qanun’s compositions offer a different sonic landscape and greater technical complexity.
Key Takeaways
- Santur and Qanun are two different types of stringed instruments used in traditional Middle Eastern music.
- Santur is a Persian instrument, while Qanun is an Arabic instrument.
- Santur has a trapezoidal shape with a keyboard and metal strings, while Qanun has a rectangular shape with a horizontal string layout and metal or nylon strings.
- Santur is played with a mallet or a plectrum, while Qanun is played with both hands and fingers.
- The sound of Santur is characterized by its distinctive timbre and is often used to accompany singers, while Qanun has a more percussive sound and is used to provide rhythm and melody.
- Santur and Qanun are both essential instruments in traditional Middle Eastern music, but they have distinct differences in their design, playing technique, and sound.
Future Research Directions
The field of musical instrument study is vast and full of potential for exploration. Despite the numerous studies that have been conducted on santur and qanun, there are still several areas that warrant further investigation.
Technological Advancements
One area that has seen significant advancements in recent years is technology. With the advent of digital instruments and new technologies, it is possible to explore the use of santur and qanun in new and innovative ways. For example, researchers could investigate the use of electronic santur and qanun in contemporary music production or the use of computer-assisted design in the creation of traditional instruments.
Cultural Context
Another area that warrants further research is the cultural context in which santur and qanun are used. While both instruments have deep roots in Middle Eastern music, they are also used in other parts of the world. By studying the cultural context in which these instruments are used, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of their significance and role in different societies.
Pedagogy
Finally, there is a need for further research into the pedagogy of santur and qanun. While there are many schools and teachers that offer instruction in these instruments, there is little research on the most effective teaching methods. By studying the pedagogy of santur and qanun, researchers can help to develop more effective teaching methods and improve the quality of instruction available to students.
FAQs
1. What is a santur?
A santur is a traditional Persian instrument that is similar to a hammered dulcimer. It has a trapezoidal shape and typically has between 72 and 144 strings, which are struck by small hammers. The santur is often used in classical Persian music, as well as in other Middle Eastern and Central Asian music styles.
2. What is a qanun?
A qanun is a traditional plucked instrument that is commonly used in Middle Eastern and Central Asian music. It has a rectangular frame and a long, thin neck, and typically has between 25 and 35 strings. The qanun is played by plucking the strings with the fingers or a small pick, and is often used to provide accompaniment in ensemble music.
3. How are santur and qanun different from each other?
The main difference between a santur and a qanun is the way they are played. A santur is played by striking the strings with small hammers, while a qanun is played by plucking the strings with the fingers or a small pick. Santurs also have a different shape and number of strings than qanuns. Additionally, the music played on a santur tends to be more complex and improvisatory than the music played on a qanun, which is often more structured and formal.
4. Can santur and qanun be used in the same music?
Yes, santur and qanun can both be used in the same music, and they often are in traditional Middle Eastern and Central Asian music. The combination of the two instruments can create a rich and varied sound, and they can complement each other nicely in an ensemble. However, it is important to note that the two instruments have different tunings and playing techniques, so they may not always be able to play together in the same key or tempo.
