What is the Middle Eastern Drum Called? An Exploration of the Darbuka

Unleash the rhythm of the East with the mesmerizing beat of the Darbuka! This captivating instrument, rooted in the rich musical traditions of the Middle East, has captivated hearts and souls around the world. The Darbuka, also known as the goblet drum, is a versatile percussion instrument that adds a vibrant and dynamic flair to any musical performance. Its unique design, with a single head and a distinctive shape, creates a sound that is both deep and melodic. Whether played in a traditional Middle Eastern ensemble or as a solo performance, the Darbuka is a true testament to the musical heritage of the region. So, get ready to groove to the beat of the Darbuka and discover the enchanting world of Middle Eastern music!

The Origins of the Darbuka

Historical Overview

The Darbuka, also known as the darbouka or darbuka, is a type of frame drum that has been used in Middle Eastern music for centuries. The instrument’s origins can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where similar frame drums were used in religious and cultural ceremonies.

In more recent history, the Darbuka became popular in the 20th century as a key instrument in the traditional music of the Levant, which includes countries such as Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. It was played in various forms of Middle Eastern music, including folk music, classical music, and popular music.

The Darbuka has also played a significant role in the development of modern music, particularly in the Western world. Many popular musicians, including rock and roll and jazz bands, have incorporated the Darbuka into their music, showcasing its versatility and unique sound.

Despite its widespread use and popularity, the Darbuka remains an integral part of Middle Eastern culture and continues to be a prominent instrument in traditional music.

Cultural Significance

The cultural significance of the darbuka drum can be traced back to its origins in the Middle East, where it has been an integral part of traditional music for centuries.

Historical Roots

The darbuka has been a part of Middle Eastern culture for over a thousand years, with its origins dating back to ancient Egypt and the Byzantine Empire. The instrument has since spread throughout the region, becoming a staple of music in countries such as Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and Jordan.

Folkloric Importance

In many Middle Eastern cultures, the darbuka holds great symbolic value. It is often used in folkloric stories and legends, where it represents the rhythm of life and the heartbeat of the earth.

Social Significance

The darbuka is also deeply ingrained in the social fabric of Middle Eastern societies. It is commonly played at weddings, parties, and other celebrations, where it serves as a symbol of unity and joy. In some communities, the darbuka is even used in religious ceremonies, such as Jewish and Islamic prayers.

Cross-Cultural Influence

The darbuka has also had a significant impact on other musical traditions. Its distinctive sound can be heard in many styles of music, from flamenco to rock, and its rhythms have influenced musicians all over the world.

In conclusion, the darbuka drum is a deeply cultural instrument with a rich history and significance in Middle Eastern music and culture. Its cultural roots, folkloric importance, social significance, and cross-cultural influence all contribute to its enduring popularity and importance in the world of music.

Musical Evolution

The Darbuka, a type of drum, has its roots in the Middle Eastern region, particularly in countries such as Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. It is believed to have evolved from the “tabor,” a small drum used in medieval Europe.

The earliest evidence of the Darbuka can be traced back to ancient Egyptian art, where depictions of similar drums were found in tombs and temples. These images suggest that the drum has been in use for over 5,000 years.

Over time, the Darbuka underwent various changes and developments. It was initially used in religious ceremonies and later became a popular instrument in folk music. In the 20th century, it gained prominence in modern music, particularly in the style known as “belly dance” music.

One of the most significant changes in the Darbuka’s history was the introduction of the “sagat” or “goblet” drum, which is the most common type of Darbuka used today. This version of the drum was developed in the 1950s by the Israeli musician, Mattan Bamari.

The Darbuka’s popularity has continued to grow, and it is now a staple in many genres of music, including world music, jazz, and rock. It is also commonly used in film and television soundtracks, helping to introduce the instrument to a wider audience.

Despite its long history, the Darbuka remains an important and integral part of Middle Eastern music, and its unique sound continues to captivate musicians and listeners alike.

Types of Darbuka

Traditional Darbuka

The traditional Darbuka is the most common type of Middle Eastern drum and is often used in various traditional music styles. It has a round body with a single head on one side and a special system of tuning and adjusting the tension of the head to produce a variety of sounds. The traditional Darbuka is typically made of clay or copper and is played with the hands, producing a deep, rich, and resonant sound. The design of the traditional Darbuka allows for a wide range of dynamic and tonal possibilities, making it a versatile instrument for both solo and ensemble performances.

Finger Syncopation Darbuka

The Finger Syncopation Darbuka is a specific type of darbuka that is characterized by its unique design and playing technique. It is known for its distinctive sound and is widely used in Middle Eastern music.

Key Features of Finger Syncopation Darbuka

The Finger Syncopation Darbuka is distinguished by the following features:

• Body Material: The body of the drum is typically made of wood, with a thickness of around 1.5 cm. This provides a solid base for the drumhead to be attached to.
• Diameter: The diameter of the drumhead is around 30 cm, providing a balanced and resonant sound.
• Soundhole: Unlike other types of darbuka, the Finger Syncopation Darbuka has a soundhole that is positioned near the center of the drumhead. This design element is crucial to the unique sound of the drum.

Playing Techniques for Finger Syncopation Darbuka

The Finger Syncopation Darbuka requires a specific playing technique that sets it apart from other types of darbuka. Some key techniques include:

• Finger Placement: The player must place their fingers correctly on the drumhead to produce the desired sounds. The fingers should be positioned near the edge of the drumhead, rather than in the center.
• Sound Production: To produce a clear and crisp sound, the player must use a firm but gentle touch. This requires practice and skill to master.
• Rhythm and Syncopation: The Finger Syncopation Darbuka is designed to be played with complex rhythms and syncopated patterns. This makes it ideal for use in Middle Eastern music, where intricate rhythms are a hallmark of the genre.

Conclusion

The Finger Syncopation Darbuka is a unique and essential instrument in Middle Eastern music. Its distinctive sound and playing technique make it a popular choice among musicians and music enthusiasts alike. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced player, exploring the world of the Finger Syncopation Darbuka is a rewarding experience.

Electric Darbuka

An electric darbuka is a modern variation of the traditional Middle Eastern drum. It is an electronic version of the acoustic darbuka, which uses sensors and amplifiers to produce a more amplified and electrified sound.

Some of the features of an electric darbuka include:

• Built-in Pickup System: An electric darbuka has a built-in pickup system that converts the sound of the drum into an electrical signal, which is then amplified through a speaker or a PA system.
• Electronic Effects: Many electric darbukas come with built-in electronic effects such as reverb, delay, and distortion, which can be controlled using pedals or knobs.
• Volume Control: Electric darbukas have a volume control feature that allows the player to adjust the volume of the drum to suit different performance settings.
• Multiple Sensors: Some electric darbukas have multiple sensors that detect the sound of the drum from different angles, which allows for a more accurate and responsive sound.
• Durable Material: Electric darbukas are often made of durable materials such as aluminum or carbon fiber, which makes them more resistant to wear and tear.

One of the advantages of an electric darbuka is that it can be used in a variety of settings, from small coffeehouses to large concert venues. It is also a great option for players who want to explore different sounds and styles, as it offers a wide range of electronic effects and amplification options.

However, it is important to note that an electric darbuka requires electricity to function, which means that it may not be suitable for all performance settings. Additionally, it may require more maintenance than an acoustic darbuka, as it has more electronic components that can malfunction or break down over time.

How to Play the Darbuka

Holding the Darbuka

When it comes to playing the darbuka, the way you hold the drum is crucial to producing the right sounds and achieving a comfortable playing experience. Here are some tips on how to hold the darbuka properly:

1. Position the drum on your lap: The darbuka should be placed on your lap with the opening of the drum facing towards your stomach. Make sure the drum is securely positioned so that it doesn’t move around while you’re playing.
2. Keep the drum steady: Use your legs to keep the drum steady while you play. Your thighs should be pressed against the drum, providing a stable base for your playing.
3. Adjust the height: Experiment with the height of the drum on your lap to find the most comfortable position for you. The height should be adjusted so that you can reach the drumhead easily with your hand.
4. Hold the handles: Most darbukas have two handles on either side of the drum. Hold the handles firmly but not too tightly, using your fingers to maintain a good grip.
5. Relax your wrists: Keep your wrists relaxed while playing the darbuka. Tense wrists can lead to cramps and discomfort during long playing sessions.
6. Maintain good posture: Sit up straight and maintain good posture while playing the darbuka. This will help prevent strain on your back and neck.

By following these tips, you can hold the darbuka correctly and play it with ease, producing clear and crisp sounds.

Basic Techniques

Mastering the darbuka, a type of goblet drum, requires understanding and practicing basic techniques. Here are some essential skills to get started:

1. Holding the Drum: The first step is to learn how to hold the darbuka comfortably. Place the drum on your lap or a table, and ensure that the narrow neck of the drum is pointing towards you. The goblet shape should rest on your thighs, providing a stable base for playing.
2. Striking the Head: To produce a sound on the darbuka, strike the head of the drum with your fingers or the included drumsticks. Beginners should focus on hitting the center of the head, which produces a deep and resonant tone. As you progress, experiment with hitting different areas of the head to create various sounds.
3. Open and Close Sounds: One of the most basic techniques is the open and close sound. To create an open sound, strike the head with your finger or drumstick and immediately remove it, allowing the head to vibrate and produce a ringing sound. To create a closed sound, keep your finger or drumstick in contact with the head after striking it, resulting in a dampened and shorter sound.
4. Snare Bucket: The darbuka has a snare bucket attached to the side, which creates a distinctive rattling sound. To control the snare, you can adjust the tension by loosening or tightening the screws on the bucket. Experiment with different tensions to find the perfect balance between the snare and the main drum sound.
5. Basic Rhythms: Once you’ve mastered the basic techniques, you can start learning simple rhythms. Common Middle Eastern rhythms include the “wahdat” (6/8) and “maqsoum” (10/8). Start by practicing these rhythms on a slow tempo and gradually increase the speed as you become more comfortable.
6. Practice with Both Hands: To become proficient in playing the darbuka, it’s essential to practice using both hands. Switch between striking the head with your right hand and the snare bucket with your left hand, or vice versa. This will help you develop coordination and speed.

Remember, practice is key to mastering the darbuka. Take your time to perfect these basic techniques, and as you progress, you’ll be able to explore more advanced playing styles and techniques.

Rhythm and Syncopation

When it comes to playing the darbuka, understanding rhythm and syncopation is essential. Rhythm is the pattern of sounds and silences in music, while syncopation is the accenting of off-beats. In darbuka playing, these two elements work together to create complex and intricate rhythms.

There are several techniques that can be used to create different rhythms and syncopations on the darbuka. One of the most basic is the “doum” sound, which is made by striking the drum head with the finger or the tip of the thumb. This sound is the basis for many darbuka rhythms and is often accented on the first and third beats of a measure.

Another important technique is the “tak” sound, which is made by striking the drum head with the knuckle of the finger or the edge of the thumb. This sound is often used to create syncopated rhythms and is typically accented on the second and fourth beats of a measure.

Other techniques, such as the “kabou” or “fllk” sounds, can also be used to create a variety of rhythms and syncopations. These sounds are made by striking the drum head with the side of the hand or the heel of the palm, and can be used to add complexity and interest to darbuka playing.

It’s important to note that darbuka rhythms and syncopations are not fixed, but rather are open to interpretation and improvisation. Different players may use different techniques and accents to create their own unique rhythms and grooves.

Overall, mastering rhythm and syncopation is crucial for any darbuka player looking to create dynamic and engaging performances. With practice and dedication, anyone can develop the skills necessary to play this versatile and captivating instrument.

Popularity of the Darbuka

In Middle Eastern Music

The darbuka is a popular drum in Middle Eastern music due to its unique sound and versatility. It is often used in traditional Middle Eastern ensembles, such as oud and qanun, and is also featured in modern music styles like hip-hop and electronic dance music.

The darbuka’s deep, resonant sound is a staple of Middle Eastern music, and its ability to create a variety of rhythms and textures makes it a valuable addition to any ensemble. Its versatility allows it to be played in a variety of ways, from subtle and delicate to loud and bold, making it a favorite among musicians and audiences alike.

The darbuka’s popularity in Middle Eastern music has led to its widespread use in other genres as well. Many Western musicians have incorporated the darbuka into their music, recognizing its unique sound and versatility. This has helped to introduce the instrument to a wider audience and has helped to spread its popularity beyond its traditional homeland.

Despite its widespread use, the darbuka remains an important and beloved instrument in Middle Eastern music. Its rich history and cultural significance continue to inspire musicians and audiences alike, making it a cornerstone of the region’s musical traditions.

In World Music

The darbuka has become a popular instrument in world music due to its unique sound and versatility. Its use in various genres such as jazz, rock, and pop has also contributed to its popularity. Many musicians from different cultures have incorporated the darbuka into their music, which has helped to increase its visibility and popularity worldwide. Additionally, the darbuka’s ability to produce a variety of sounds, from deep bass tones to high-pitched slap tones, has made it a popular choice for musicians looking to add percussion to their music.

In Western Music

The darbuka has become increasingly popular in Western music, particularly in the genres of rock, pop, and electronic dance music. Many Western musicians have incorporated the darbuka into their recordings and live performances, providing a unique and distinctive sound to their music. The darbuka’s versatility and ability to blend with various musical styles have contributed to its popularity in the Western music scene.

Famous Darbuka Players

Traditional Middle Eastern Musicians

In the realm of traditional Middle Eastern music, there is a plethora of skilled musicians who have mastered the art of playing the darbuka. These musicians come from various cultural backgrounds and have made significant contributions to the evolution of darbuka music.

Some of the most renowned traditional Middle Eastern musicians who have showcased their expertise in playing the darbuka include:

• Hossam Ramzy: Hailing from Egypt, Hossam Ramzy is a prominent darbuka player who has collaborated with numerous international artists. He has released several albums and has performed at various prestigious events around the world.
• Riadh Sombatti: A Tunisian darbuka player, Riadh Sombatti is known for his versatility and ability to play various styles of Middle Eastern music. He has performed with many prominent musicians and has released several albums.
• Saeed Salem: A Syrian darbuka player, Saeed Salem is widely regarded as one of the most influential darbuka players of all time. He has performed with numerous renowned Middle Eastern musicians and has also taught many aspiring darbuka players.
• Kudsi Erguner: Originally from Turkey, Kudsi Erguner is a multi-instrumentalist who is particularly known for his exceptional skills in playing the darbuka. He has collaborated with several international musicians and has released several albums.

These traditional Middle Eastern musicians have not only mastered the art of playing the darbuka but have also contributed significantly to its evolution by incorporating their unique styles and techniques. They have inspired many aspiring musicians and continue to be revered in the world of Middle Eastern music.

International Performers

Introduction

The darbuka, a popular Middle Eastern drum, has been played by many international performers who have contributed to its popularity and global recognition. These performers have not only mastered the art of playing the darbuka but have also introduced it to new audiences and cultures.

Notable International Performers

• Sting: The famous British musician and singer, known for his work with The Police, has been known to incorporate the darbuka into his music.
• Bono: The lead singer of the Irish rock band U2 has been seen playing the darbuka during live performances and has even used it as a percussion instrument in some of their recordings.
• Jean-Michel Jarre: The French electronic music composer and performer has incorporated the darbuka into his music, particularly in his 1976 album “Oxygène”.
• Dave Matthews: The American singer-songwriter and guitarist has been known to use the darbuka in some of his live performances and studio recordings.
• Karl Denson: The American jazz and funk saxophonist has been known to incorporate the darbuka into his live performances and recordings.

Impact on Popular Culture

The darbuka’s popularity has not only been embraced by Middle Eastern musicians but also by international performers who have recognized its unique sound and rhythm. These performers have helped to popularize the darbuka and have contributed to its widespread recognition as a musical instrument.

Modern Darbuka Artists

There are many talented modern darbuka players who have made a name for themselves in the world of Middle Eastern music. Here are a few notable examples:

• Tamer Hosny: A renowned Egyptian singer and musician, Tamer Hosny is known for his powerful voice and dynamic performances. He has collaborated with many other Middle Eastern musicians and has been instrumental in popularizing the darbuka in modern music.
• Kadim Al-Saher: This Iraqi singer and songwriter is known for his soulful voice and captivating performances. He has won numerous awards for his work and has been credited with revitalizing the darbuka in Iraqi music.
• Mohamed Abdel Wahab: An Egyptian composer and musician, Mohamed Abdel Wahab is considered one of the most important figures in modern Arabic music. He has written numerous hit songs and has been instrumental in bringing the darbuka into the mainstream.
• Nabil Shu’ani: A Palestinian musician and composer, Nabil Shu’ani is known for his innovative approach to Middle Eastern music. He has incorporated elements of other genres, such as jazz and rock, into his work and has helped to push the boundaries of what is possible with the darbuka.
• Sami Yusuf: A British-Yemeni singer and songwriter, Sami Yusuf has gained a large following for his contemporary take on Middle Eastern music. He has incorporated elements of Western music into his work and has helped to bring the darbuka to a wider audience.

Darbuka in Popular Culture

Film and Television

The darbuka, a Middle Eastern drum, has become a popular instrument in film and television. It is often used to create a sense of authenticity in movies and TV shows set in the Middle East or North Africa. Here are some examples of how the darbuka has been featured in popular culture:

• In the 1982 film “The Last Temptation of Christ,” the darbuka is used to accompany the character of Judas Iscariot.
• In the 1999 film “The Mummy,” the darbuka is used in the score to evoke a sense of ancient Egypt.
• In the TV show “The Simpsons,” the character Moe Szyslak can be seen playing a darbuka in the background of several episodes.
• In the 2007 film “300,” the darbuka is used to create a tribal, warrior-like sound in the score.
• In the 2010 film “Scott Pilgrim vs. the World,” the darbuka is used in the score to create a funky, bass-heavy sound.

Overall, the darbuka has become a popular instrument in film and television, and its distinctive sound is often used to add authenticity and depth to the score.

Video Games

In recent years, the darbuka has made its way into popular culture, particularly in video games. Many game developers have recognized the appeal of incorporating traditional Middle Eastern instruments into their games, allowing players to experience and appreciate the unique sounds of the darbuka.

Here are some examples of video games that feature the darbuka:

1. Rhythm game series “DJMAX”: This popular rhythm game series, developed by the South Korean company Neowiz, features the darbuka as one of the playable instruments. Players can enjoy the distinctive sounds of the darbuka while following along with the on-screen notes to keep the rhythm.
2. “Guitar Hero” series: While primarily focused on guitars, the “Guitar Hero” series has also included the darbuka as a playable instrument in some of its games. This has allowed players to experience the thrill of playing along with Middle Eastern-inspired tracks, further increasing the instrument’s exposure to a wider audience.
3. “Just Dance” series: The “Just Dance” series, known for its dance-focused gameplay, has featured some tracks that incorporate darbuka rhythms. This has not only introduced the instrument to players but has also encouraged them to explore Middle Eastern music and culture further.
4. “Dance Dance Revolution” (DDR): Another rhythm-based game franchise, DDR, has also included darbuka tracks in some of its releases. This has allowed players to enjoy the unique sounds of the darbuka while perfecting their dance moves.
5. “Taiko no Tatsujin”: In this popular Japanese rhythm game series, the darbuka is featured as a playable instrument. Players can enjoy playing along with traditional Middle Eastern songs, as well as some that incorporate darbuka sounds into modern tracks.

These examples demonstrate the growing interest in Middle Eastern music and culture, as well as the increasing presence of the darbuka in various forms of entertainment. As video games continue to evolve, it is likely that we will see even more incorporation of the darbuka and other traditional Middle Eastern instruments in the future.

Music Videos

The darbuka has become a popular instrument in modern popular music, particularly in music videos. Here are some examples of how the darbuka has been featured in music videos:

1. Natalie Portman’s “Coraline” Video: In the music video for “Coraline,” Natalie Portman can be seen playing a darbuka in a variety of scenes. The darbuka adds a unique and exotic element to the video, which is based on the children’s book of the same name.
2. Jessie J’s “Price Tag” Video: In the music video for “Price Tag,” Jessie J can be seen playing a darbuka in several scenes. The darbuka provides a lively beat that complements the upbeat nature of the song.
3. Lady Gaga’s “Born This Way” Video: In the music video for “Born This Way,” Lady Gaga can be seen playing a darbuka in several scenes. The darbuka adds a Middle Eastern flavor to the video, which is known for its bold and creative visuals.
4. Beyoncé’s “Why Don’t You Love Me” Video: In the music video for “Why Don’t You Love Me,” Beyoncé can be seen playing a darbuka in several scenes. The darbuka provides a driving beat that enhances the sensuality of the video.
5. Katy Perry’s “Dark Horse” Video: In the music video for “Dark Horse,” Katy Perry can be seen playing a darbuka in several scenes. The darbuka adds an exotic element to the video, which features a mix of Egyptian and other Middle Eastern-inspired visuals.

These are just a few examples of how the darbuka has been featured in music videos. As the darbuka continues to gain popularity, it is likely that we will see it featured in even more music videos in the future.

Live Performances

In recent years, the darbuka has become a popular instrument in live performances, both in the Middle East and around the world. Its distinctive sound and rhythmic qualities have made it a sought-after addition to a wide range of musical genres, from traditional Middle Eastern music to modern rock and pop.

Some of the most notable live performances featuring the darbuka include:

• Sting’s “Desert Rose” music video, which prominently features the darbuka and showcases its versatility and rhythmic range.
• Yanni’s “One Man’s Dream” concert, in which the darbuka is featured prominently in several pieces, demonstrating its ability to blend seamlessly with a variety of other instruments.
• The opening ceremony of the 2004 Athens Olympics, which included a performance by a Greek percussionist playing the darbuka as part of a tribute to the history and culture of the Mediterranean region.

Overall, the darbuka’s unique sound and cultural significance have made it a valuable addition to live performances, adding depth and complexity to a wide range of musical styles.

FAQs

1. What is the middle eastern drum called?

The middle eastern drum is commonly called the darbuka. It is a type of percussion instrument that is commonly used in Middle Eastern music.

2. What is the darbuka made of?

The darbuka is typically made of clay or wood, and has a tightly stretched membrane on one side. The membrane is usually made of sheep or goat skin.

3. How is the darbuka played?

The darbuka is played by holding it between the legs and using the fingers to strike the membrane. The player can also use a drumstick to play the darbuka. The darbuka is often played in a rhythmic pattern, and is a key instrument in many Middle Eastern music ensembles.

4. What is the sound of the darbuka like?

The sound of the darbuka is deep and resonant, with a distinctive “thump” or “blap” sound. The sound of the darbuka is an essential element of Middle Eastern music, and is often used to provide a steady beat or to accent certain notes.

5. Where can I learn more about the darbuka?

If you want to learn more about the darbuka, there are many resources available online. You can find videos and tutorials that demonstrate how to play the darbuka, as well as information about its history and cultural significance. There are also many music stores that carry darbukas and other Middle Eastern instruments, where you can ask for advice and recommendations.

5 Middle Eastern Rhythms for Darbuka and Frame drum – Christine Stevens & Frank Lazzaro