The santur, also known as the santour, is a traditional Persian musical instrument that has captivated audiences for centuries. It is a hammered dulcimer, consisting of a large, trapezoidal shaped frame with a series of metal strings stretched across it. The instrument is played by striking the strings with small hammers, producing a rich, melodic sound that is unique to the santur. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the history and evolution of the santur, its construction and components, and its role in Persian music and culture. Whether you are a musician or simply a lover of music, this guide will provide you with a deep appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the santur.
What is the Santur?
Brief History of the Santur
The Santur is a traditional Persian musical instrument that has been an integral part of Persian music for centuries. It is a plucked string instrument that has a distinct sound and is used in a variety of musical genres.
The origins of the Santur can be traced back to ancient Persia, where it was first mentioned in texts dating back to the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BCE). Over time, the instrument evolved and developed, and by the 14th century, it had taken on the form that is still recognized today.
During the Safavid period (1501-1736), the Santur became an important instrument in court and religious music. It was used extensively in the production of classical Persian music, and many famous musicians of the time were skilled Santur players.
In the 20th century, the Santur experienced a revival, and it became an important instrument in modern Persian music. Today, it is still widely used in both traditional and contemporary Persian music, and it remains an important symbol of Persian culture and heritage.
Anatomy of the Santur
The Santur is a traditional Persian musical instrument that is also known as the “Iranian dulcimer.” It is a stringed instrument that is played with two small hammers, called “tasir,” which are used to strike the strings. The sound produced by the Santur is unique and captivating, and it has been an integral part of Persian music for centuries.
Anatomy of the Santur
The Santur consists of a rectangular-shaped body made of wood, which is typically made of walnut, cedar, or spruce. The body has a flat base and a slightly raised frame that holds the strings in place. The strings are made of steel or brass, and they are stretched across the frame and attached to the tuning pegs on the sides of the instrument.
The Santur has a total of 72 strings, which are arranged in groups of 12 strings each. These strings are divided into three sets, with the first set being the highest in pitch, and the third set being the lowest. The second set of strings is slightly lower in pitch than the first set, and it is used to create harmonies and melodies.
The soundboard of the Santur is made of spruce or cedar, and it is stretched across the frame of the instrument. The soundboard is responsible for amplifying the sound produced by the strings, and it is a crucial component of the Santur’s unique sound.
The Santur also has a small wooden bridge, called the “jawari,” which is located at the bottom of the soundboard. The jawari is used to raise and lower the strings, and it is essential for proper tuning and playing.
The Santur’s tuning pegs are located on the sides of the instrument, and they are used to adjust the tension of the strings. The tuning pegs are made of wood or metal, and they are designed to be easily accessible and adjustable.
Overall, the anatomy of the Santur is intricate and complex, but it is designed to produce a beautiful and captivating sound that has been enjoyed by Persian music lovers for centuries.
How to Play the Santur
Basic Techniques
Playing the santur requires a good understanding of basic techniques that are essential for producing beautiful and melodious sounds. The following are some of the basic techniques that you should master when learning how to play the santur:
Finger Positioning
The first basic technique is to position your fingers correctly on the santur keys. Each key on the santur corresponds to a specific note, and the position of your fingers determines the notes you will play. To produce the correct notes, it is important to learn the correct finger positioning for each key.
Chord Strumming
Another basic technique is chord strumming. Santur music is characterized by the use of chords, and being able to strum chords effectively is crucial to producing a good sound. To strum chords, you need to place your fingers on the keys corresponding to the chord you want to play and press them down gently. It is important to strum the chords evenly and with the correct rhythm to produce a melodious sound.
Keyboard Scales
Playing scales is another essential basic technique for playing the santur. Santur music often involves playing scales, and being able to play them accurately and smoothly is crucial to producing a good sound. To play scales, you need to learn the correct fingering for each scale and practice playing them slowly and steadily, gradually increasing your speed as you become more comfortable.
Accentuation
Accentuation is another important basic technique for playing the santur. Santur music often involves accenting certain notes to give the music a rhythmic and dynamic feel. To accentuate notes, you need to learn the correct technique for striking the keys with the correct force and timing.
Overall, mastering these basic techniques is essential for playing the santur effectively and producing beautiful and melodious sounds. By practicing these techniques regularly, you can develop your skills and become a proficient santur player.
Common Scales and Modes
When playing the santur, it is important to understand the different scales and modes that are commonly used in Persian music. The santur is capable of producing a wide range of sounds, and the specific scales and modes used can greatly affect the mood and character of the music.
Here are some of the most common scales and modes used in Persian music:
- Persian scale (Dastgah): This is the most commonly used scale in Persian music, and it consists of seven notes. It is also known as the “radif” scale, and it is the basis for many of the traditional dastgahs or modes.
- Arabic scale (Ajam): This scale is used in many Middle Eastern and Arabic musical traditions, and it consists of seven notes as well. It is often used in conjunction with the Persian scale to create a more complex harmonic structure.
- Chahar Mekham (4-Note) scale: This is a simple scale that consists of only four notes. It is often used in traditional folk music and can be found in many regional styles of music.
- Henduri scale: This is a scale that consists of five notes and is used in traditional music from the north of Iran. It is often used in conjunction with the Persian scale to create a more complex harmonic structure.
- Segah scale: This is a scale that consists of seven notes and is used in traditional music from the south of Iran. It is similar to the Persian scale but has a slightly different pattern of intervals.
Understanding these different scales and modes is essential for playing the santur in a traditional Persian musical context. Each mode has its own unique characteristics and can be used to convey different emotions and moods. As you continue to learn and develop your skills on the santur, you will have the opportunity to explore these different scales and modes in greater depth and discover the rich musical traditions of Persia.
Popular Santur Music
Traditional Persian Music
The traditional Persian music played on the santur is characterized by its intricate melodies and complex rhythms. This genre of music is deeply rooted in Persian culture and has been passed down through generations. The traditional Persian music played on the santur is typically accompanied by other traditional instruments such as the tanbur, ney, and darbuka.
One of the most well-known forms of traditional Persian music played on the santur is the classical Persian music known as “Radif-e-Irani.” This genre of music is a collection of traditional melodies and compositions that have been passed down through generations of Persian musicians. The Radif-e-Irani is divided into several different branches, each of which represents a different region of Iran.
Another popular form of traditional Persian music played on the santur is the “Masnavi.” The Masnavi is a form of Persian poetry that is often set to music and played on the santur. The poetry typically tells a story and is accompanied by intricate melodies and rhythms.
In addition to these two forms of traditional Persian music, there are many other regional styles of music that are played on the santur. These styles often reflect the unique cultural and musical traditions of the region in which they originated. For example, the “Chahar Mekham” style is popular in the north of Iran and is characterized by its fast-paced rhythms and lively melodies.
Overall, the traditional Persian music played on the santur is a vital part of Persian culture and has had a significant impact on the development of music in the region. The intricate melodies and complex rhythms of this genre of music continue to captivate audiences today and remain an important part of Persian musical tradition.
Contemporary Santur Music
In recent years, contemporary santur music has gained significant popularity in Iran and beyond. This genre of music is characterized by its fusion of traditional Persian melodies with modern instrumentation and electronic beats. Some of the most prominent artists in this genre include:
- Hossein Alizadeh: A renowned santur player and composer who has collaborated with numerous international musicians, including the late great Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.
- Mohammad Reza Shajarian: A celebrated classical singer and composer who has incorporated the santur into his performances, adding a unique dimension to his music.
- Kamancello: A French-Iranian band that blends traditional Persian music with modern electronic sounds, creating a unique and captivating style.
- Nick Pipitone: An American musician who has studied the santur under the guidance of master musicians in Iran, and has since incorporated it into his own musical compositions.
Contemporary santur music often showcases the instrument’s versatility and ability to adapt to different musical styles. It has also helped to revive interest in the santur among younger generations, many of whom are now taking up the instrument and exploring its potential in new and innovative ways.
Famous Santur Players
Legendary Santur Players
- Turaj Hashemi: Known for his mastery of Persian classical music, Hashemi was a renowned santur player who rose to fame in the 1950s. His performances were characterized by intricate finger work and a deep understanding of traditional Persian musical forms.
- Mohammad Reza Shajarian: Shajarian, a celebrated Iranian classical singer, was also a skilled santur player. He incorporated the instrument into his performances, creating a unique sound that blended Persian classical music with elements of folk and traditional music.
- Hossein Alizadeh: Alizadeh is a prominent figure in contemporary Persian classical music. He is known for his innovative approach to the santur, incorporating elements of traditional Persian music with modern techniques and influences. His performances have helped to popularize the instrument both in Iran and around the world.
Modern Santur Musicians
In recent times, the Santur has experienced a resurgence in popularity, particularly in Iran, where it has become a staple of contemporary Persian music. Here are some of the most notable modern Santur players:
Parviz Meshkatian
Parviz Meshkatian is widely regarded as one of the greatest Santur players of all time. Born in Iran in 1945, he began studying the instrument at a young age and went on to become a renowned virtuoso. Meshkatian’s playing is characterized by its technical mastery and emotional depth, and he has been instrumental in popularizing the Santur both in Iran and around the world.
Kayhan Kalhor
Kayhan Kalhor is another celebrated Santur player from Iran. Born in 1957, he is known for his innovative approach to the instrument and his collaborations with musicians from a variety of musical traditions. Kalhor has performed with numerous ensembles and has released several acclaimed recordings, including the Grammy-nominated album “Silent City.”
Sima Bina
Sima Bina is a renowned Iranian musician who is known for her soulful and expressive vocals, as well as her virtuosity on the Santur. Born in 1955, she began studying music at a young age and has since become one of the most celebrated singers and instrumentalists in Iran. Bina’s performances often incorporate traditional Persian music as well as elements of contemporary music, making her a true innovator in the world of Santur playing.
Javad Kandoi
Javad Kandoi is a rising star in the world of Santur playing. Born in Iran in 1986, he began studying the instrument at the age of 10 and quickly became known for his technical prowess and creative approach to the instrument. Kandoi has released several acclaimed recordings and has performed with a variety of ensembles, earning him a reputation as one of the most exciting young Santur players on the scene today.
The Santur in Modern Culture
The Santur in Iranian Music
The santur holds a significant place in the music of Iran. Its distinctive sound and versatility have made it an essential component of classical and traditional Iranian music. Here are some aspects of the santur’s role in Iranian music:
- Instrumental Roles: The santur serves multiple roles in Iranian music. It can play both melodic and rhythmic parts, often replacing the role of the tabla or the daf in some performances. The santur’s unique ability to play chords and arpeggios allows it to create complex harmonies and textures, enriching the overall sound of the ensemble.
- Composition: In Iranian classical music, the santur is often used to play the melody and accompany the voice or other instruments. Santur players must have a deep understanding of the musical structure and composition of Iranian classical music, including its various modes (dastgahs) and melodic patterns.
- Performance: Santur performances often showcase the instrument’s dynamic range and expressiveness. Skilled santur players can produce a wide variety of tones, from gentle and delicate to loud and powerful, creating a rich and engaging musical experience. The santur’s sound can evoke different moods and emotions, making it an essential element in conveying the expressive nature of Iranian classical music.
- Ensemble Interaction: The santur plays a vital role in the interaction between different instruments in an Iranian classical music ensemble. Santur players must be adept at responding to the musical cues and signals from other musicians, creating a cohesive and harmonious sound. This responsiveness and sensitivity to the music being performed are highly valued qualities in a santur player.
- Tradition and Evolution: The santur has been an integral part of Iranian music for centuries, and its role has evolved over time. Today, the santur continues to be a prominent instrument in Iranian classical music, with contemporary musicians and composers exploring new ways to incorporate it into their work. At the same time, traditional santur techniques and repertoire are still preserved and passed down from generation to generation, ensuring the continuity of this important musical legacy.
The Santur in Global Music Scene
- The Santur’s global appeal has been growing in recent years, as more and more musicians and music lovers discover its unique sound and versatility.
- It has been featured in various global music scenes, from traditional and classical music to contemporary and experimental music.
- Many international musicians have incorporated the Santur into their music, such as the famous French singer and songwriter, Barbara Heline, who used the Santur in her album “Et la nature chant” (And nature sings) released in 2015.
- Additionally, the Santur has been featured in numerous collaborations with other musical instruments and genres, such as the fusion of Persian music and flamenco in the album “Dal Mekham Canta” by the Spanish group Ketume and the Iranian musician Hossein Alizadeh.
- Furthermore, the Santur has been used in the composition of film scores, such as the Oscar-winning film “The Lover” directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, which featured the Santur as a prominent instrument in the soundtrack.
- Overall, the Santur’s inclusion in global music scenes has helped to broaden its reach and increase its popularity, allowing more people to appreciate and enjoy its distinctive sound.
Santur: A Unique Persian Instrument
Cultural Significance
The Santur is a Persian musical instrument that holds immense cultural significance in Iran and other countries where it is played. Its importance lies not only in its unique sound and musical characteristics but also in its deep-rooted connection to Persian culture and history.
- Connection to Persian culture
- The Santur has been an integral part of Persian music for centuries, with its origins dating back to the ancient Achaemenid Empire.
- It has been passed down through generations, remaining a significant symbol of Persian culture and heritage.
- The instrument’s intricate design and unique playing technique reflect the sophistication and creativity of Persian art and craftsmanship.
- Historical significance
- The Santur has been featured in various Persian poetry and literature, with poets such as Rumi and Hafez praising its melodic qualities.
- It has been played in the courts of Persian kings and nobles, reflecting its status as a prestigious instrument.
- The Santur has also been an essential part of traditional Persian theater and dance performances, such as the Sufi whirling dervishes.
- Cross-cultural influence
- The Santur has spread to other countries, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Greece, where it has adapted to local musical traditions.
- It has also influenced the development of other musical instruments, such as the Indian Santoor and the Turkish Santur.
- Despite its widespread adoption, the Santur remains an important symbol of Persian culture and heritage.
Overall, the Santur’s cultural significance lies in its ability to connect people to their shared history and traditions, providing a link to the past while remaining relevant and cherished in the present.
The Santur’s Future in Music
While the santur has been a staple in Persian music for centuries, its future in music remains uncertain. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in preserving and promoting traditional musical instruments, including the santur. This has led to a renewed focus on the instrument’s role in contemporary music, as well as efforts to ensure its survival for future generations.
One way in which the santur’s future in music is being secured is through education and outreach programs. Many music schools and conservatories in Iran and other countries with Persian musical traditions now offer courses in santur playing, providing students with the opportunity to learn from master musicians and continue the legacy of this unique instrument.
Additionally, many festivals and concerts now feature the santur prominently, showcasing its versatility and beauty to new audiences. These events not only help to preserve the instrument’s place in traditional music, but also provide a platform for contemporary musicians to experiment with and innovate upon the santur’s sound.
However, despite these efforts, the santur still faces challenges in maintaining its position in the modern music industry. With the rise of electronic and digital instruments, the santur may struggle to compete in terms of popularity and accessibility. Nonetheless, its distinctive sound and rich history continue to captivate musicians and listeners alike, ensuring that the santur will remain an important part of Persian music for years to come.
FAQs
1. What is the santur?
The santur is a traditional Persian musical instrument that belongs to the dulcimer family. It is typically played with two small mallets and has a trapezoidal shape with a thin wooden frame and a long thin strip of metal that acts as the soundboard.
2. How is the santur played?
The santur is played by striking the strings with two small mallets made of wood or plastic. The player can create different sounds by adjusting the distance between the mallets and the strings, as well as by playing different parts of the instrument.
3. What type of music is commonly played on the santur?
The santur is a popular instrument in traditional Persian music, and it is often used to accompany singers or other instruments in ensembles. It is also used in other Middle Eastern and Central Asian music styles.
4. Is the santur difficult to learn?
Like any musical instrument, the santur requires practice and dedication to master. However, it is generally considered to be easier to learn than some other traditional Persian instruments, such as the setar or the tar.
5. Where can I find a santur for purchase?
Santurs can be found in many music stores, both online and in person. If you are interested in purchasing a santur, it is a good idea to do some research and read reviews to ensure that you are buying a high-quality instrument.
